Water, Land and Ecosystems - Philippines

Gender dimensions of solid and liquid waste management for reuse in agriculture in Asia and Africa

Anonymous — Fri, 22 Oct 2021 11:34:33 +0000

TypeReport

Languageen

Authors

Taron, Avinandan
Drechsel, Pay
Gebrezgabher, Solomie

This report examines social equality aspects related to resource recovery through solid waste composting and wastewater irrigation. The report shows that women are represented in greatest numbers at the base of the recycling chain, most often as informal waste pickers and as sorters of recyclables with limited access to resources and upward mobility. Despite a wide gender gap in the solid waste and sanitation sectors, women play a key role in both municipal waste reduction and food safety where irrigation water is unsafe. Analyzing the gender dimension is important for understanding household responses to recycling programs, differences between the formal and informal sectors as well as along the waste-to-resource value chain from collection to treatment and reuse. The report stresses the important role of women in household waste management, including waste segregation, and the power of women-dominated waste picker associations, where the informal sector plays an essential role alongside the formal sector.

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Taron, Avinandan; Drechsel, Pay; Gebrezgabher, Solomie. 2021. Gender dimensions of solid and liquid waste management for reuse in agriculture in Asia and Africa. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 33p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 21) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2021.223]

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/115577

Assessing livelihood and ecological benefits from restoration initiatives in the Philippines.

Anonymous — Sat, 10 Jul 2021 11:37:41 +0000

TypeReport

Languageen

Authors

Gata, Larissa Lelu P.

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Citation

Gata, L.L.P. (2020) Assessing livelihood and ecological benefits from restoration initiatives in the Philippines. [n.p] 87 p.

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Open Access

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/107776

Guidelines and regulations for fecal sludge management from on-site sanitation facilities

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeReport

Languageen

Authors

Jayathilake, Nilanthi
Drechsel, Pay
Keraita, B.
Fernando, Sudarshana
Hanjra, Munir A.

In low- and middle-income countries, the management of fecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems has received little attention over many decades, resulting in insufficient or missing regulations to guide investments and management options. To address this gap, this report examines existing and emerging guidelines and regulations for fecal sludge management (FSM) along the sanitation service chain (user interface, containment, emptying, transport, treatment, valorization, reuse or disposal). It also draws empirical examples from guidelines across the globe to support policy-makers, planners, and sanitation and health officers, as well as consultants in low- and middle-income countries in the development and design of local and national FSM guidelines and regulations.

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Citation

Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B.; Fernando, Sudarshana; Hanjra, M. A. 2019. Guidelines and regulations for fecal sludge management from on-site sanitation facilities. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE).. 57p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 14) doi: 10.5337/2019.211

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/103534

Bureaucratic reform in irrigation: a review of four case studies

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Suhardiman, Diana
Giordano, Mark
Rap, Edwin
Wegerich, Kai

Poor performance of government-managed irrigation systems persists globally. This paper argues that addressing performance requires not simply more investment or different policy approaches, but reform of the bureaucracies responsible for irrigation management. Based on reform experiences in The Philippines, Mexico, Indonesia, and Uzbekistan, we argue that irrigation (policy) reform cannot be treated in isolation from the overall functioning of

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Suhardiman, Diana; Giordano, M.; Rap, Edwin; Wegerich, Kai. 2014. Bureaucratic reform in irrigation: a review of four case studies. Water Alternatives, 7(3):442-463.

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Open Access

Research Themes

Land and Water Solutions for Sustainable Agriculture

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/58403

Urbanisation and emerging economies: issues and potential solutions for water and food security

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Kookana, R.S.
Drechsel, Pay
Jamwal, P.
Vanderzalm, J.

Urbanisation will be one of the 21st century's most transformative trends. By 2050, it will increase from 55% to 68%, more than doubling the urban population in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Urbanisation has multifarious (positive as well as negative) impacts on the wellbeing of humans and the environment. The 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) form the blueprint to achieve a sustainable future for all. Clean Water and Sanitation is a specific goal (SDG 6) within the suite of 17 interconnected goals. Here we provide an overview of some of the challenges that urbanisation poses in relation to SDG 6, especially in developing economies. Worldwide, several cities are on the verge of water crisis. Water distribution to informal settlements or slums in megacities (e.g. N50% population in the megacities of India) is essentially non-existent and limits access to adequate safe water supply. Besides due to poor sewer connectivity in the emerging economies, there is a heavy reliance on septic tanks, and other on-site sanitation (OSS) system and by 2030, 4.9 billion people are expected to rely on OSS. About 62–93% of the urban population in Vietnam, Sri Lanka, the Philippines and Indonesia rely on septic tanks, where septage treatment is rare. Globally, over 80% of wastewater is released to the environment without adequate treatment. About 11% of all irrigated croplands is irrigated with such untreated or poorly treated wastewater. In addition to acute and chronic health effects, this also results in significant pollution of often-limited surface and groundwater resources in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Direct and indirect water reuse plays a key role in global water and food security. Here we offer several suggestions to mitigate water and food insecurity in emerging economies.

Citation

Kookana, R. S.; Drechsel, Pay; Jamwal, P.; Vanderzalm, J. 2020. Urbanisation and emerging economies: issues and potential solutions for water and food security. Science of the Total Environment, 732:139057. [doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139057]

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Rural-Urban Linkages

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/108298

Using Soil and Water Assessment Tool to assess material transfer in Layawan Watershed and its implications on payment for ecosystem services

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Subjects

Decision support systems
Water accounting
Soils
Ecosystems
Water quality/pollution
Modelling and spatial analysis
Water Storage

Languageen

Authors

Palao, Leo K.
Dorado, M.M
Anit, K.P.A.
Lasco, R.D.

Soil and water are the most important resources in the watershed. The alterations on the quantity and quality of these resources do not only have on-site impacts, but are experienced by off-site communities as well. To assess the material transfer and identify critical sub-basins in the Layawan Watershed, Mindanao, Philippines; the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Model was used. The model was also used to investigate changes in land use. Results show that a 4% reduction in sediment concentration and sediment yield in the critical sub-basins will be achieved if the community-based watershed management plan is implemented. On the other hand, there will be a 106% increase in sediment concentration and sediment yield if forests are cleared for utilization, primarily for agriculture, in the critical sub-basins. Modeling sediment yield and sediment concentration is important to help policy makers, environmental managers, and development agencies predict the impact of activities on soil and water quality, as well as guide them in the implementation of payments for ecosystem services (PES) schemes. The quantification of ecosystem services has been a major challenge surrounding the success of PES. In the Layawan Watershed, it is shown that land change use will not likely affect water quantity, it will, however, heavily impact water quality. Modeling provides an avenue to manage watersheds effectively and efficiently. SWAT running on open source GIS could help budget-constrained government units and development agencies to better predict the impact of programs and projects on watersheds.

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Palao, L.K.M., Dorado, M.M., Anit, K.P.A. and Lasco, R. D. (2013). Using Soil and Water Assessment Tool SWAT to assess material transfer in the Layawan Watershed, Mindanao, Philippines and its implications on payment for ecosystem services. Journal of Sustainable Development 6(6): 73-87.

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Open Access

Research Themes

Restoring Degraded Landscapes

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/34530

Solutions

Experiences and lessons learnt from supporting waste sector development in the Philippines

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeConference Paper

Languageen

Authors

Paul, Johannes G.
Acosta, V.L.
Lange, U.

As in other developing countries, solid waste management (SWM) remains a crucial environmental issue in the Philippines. In the year 2000, the Philippine Congress released a new waste management legislation, the Philippine Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (Republic Act 9003). This law mandates Local Governments to implement suited measures for waste avoidance, materials recovery and recycling in order to reduce waste disposal and to enhance residual waste management through alternative technologies or sanitary landfills. The total municipal waste generation in the country is estimated at more than 25 Mio tons/year, with organic waste components representing the main fraction with around 50% in cities and up to 70% in rural areas. Although RA 9003 mandates a waste diversion rate of at least 25 % to be realized by municipalities in 2006, most of them fail to implement the waste legislation properly mainly due to budget limitations, lack of know-how and conflicting interests that delay priority setting and political decision-making. In this context, the Philippine government entered into a bilateral official development program with the German government provided through the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ) through its development program Solid Waste Management for Local Government Units (SWM4LGUs) during the time period 2005-2012. As part of this program an in-depth and year-long analysis of main factors that relate to success and failures in municipal SWM was conducted. As main outcome of this development program, the National Solid Waste Management Commission integrated these experiences and developed the new National Solid Waste Management Strategy for the years 2012 to 2016 in order to facilitate implementation of RA 9003.

Citation

Paul, Johannes G.; Acosta, V. L.; Lange, U. 2015. Experiences and lessons learnt from supporting waste sector development in the Philippines. Paper presented at the International Conference on Solid Wastes 2015, Hong Kong, China, 19-23 May 2015. 4p.

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Limited Access

Research Themes

Rural-Urban Linkages

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/68321

Pricing reforms for sustainable water use and management in the Philippines

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeWorking Paper

Languageen

Authors

Horbulyk, Theodore M.
Price, Joseph P.G.

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Citation

Horbulyk, Ted; Price, Joseph P. G. 2018. Pricing reforms for sustainable water use and management in the Philippines. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Resources and Markets Branch. 81p.

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Open Access

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/93149

Designing local policies and economic instruments to enhance waste management in Bayawan city, Philippines

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Paul, Johannes G.
Boorsma, J.D.
Sarana, G.
Bollos, I.

To establish and operate reliable Solid Waste Management (SWM) systems, efficient technologies, stable organizational structures, skilled personnel, sound operational management and appropriate financing concepts are required. In order to sustain such systems, the implementation of suited legal framework conditions and economical instruments are considered as key success factors. Proper financial management allows to determine the real costs of SWM and to design local policies that provide the needed mechanisms to conduct Solid Waste Management on community level and to formulate rules and user fees that are not only acceptable by residents and users but likewise secure participation of stakeholders and transparency for the public [1, 3]. As in other developing countries, financing SWM remains a severe issue also in the Philippines. Cost recovery is an important requirement for sustainable waste management, but it does not always correspond with political priorities, the willingness of the population or the capacities of the administration to implement it. Fees to cover SWM costs are either not asked for, or existing fee mechanism are not effectively implemented or being utilized by the authorities in charge. However, policies that address cost recovery will directly affect the capacity and willingness of service recipients to pay as well as the maximum level of refinancing that can be achieved. The lower the level of cost recovery, the higher the resulting risk of poor services rendered or ultimately service interruptions. Hence, sustainable financing of SWM by local means is imperative. In Bayawan City, Philippines the local government recognized the opportunities arising with establishing a new SWM system as required by national waste legislation [5]. During SWM planning various issues surfaced that were taken up by the local authorities to design 'taylor-made' new local policies that integrate cost recovery mechanism through user fees and revenues for material recovery. Main positive effects of cost recovery resulted from introduction of a prepaid sticker system that requests to pre-pay a fee for collection of residual waste and bio-waste. Besides, the introduction of an environmental fee claimed with the regular water bill propelled cost recovery from initial 3% to more than 15% of annual SWM budget after only 3 years operation of the new system whereas income for the latter is mainly used for cleaning of septic tanks and processing of recovered sludge at the newly established municipal waste management center. Results of this case underline that enhancing SWM systems is possible also in developing countries with innovative technologies and approaches that integrate local conditions and provide suited mechanism to enhance motivation and ownership of local decision-makers and users likewise [2-4].

Citation

Paul, Johannes G.; Boorsma, J. D.; Sarana, G.; Bollos, I. 2015. Designing local policies and economic instruments to enhance waste management in Bayawan city, Philippines. Paper presented at the International Conference on Solid Wastes 2015, Hong Kong, China, 19-23 May 2015. 4p.

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Rural-Urban Linkages

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/77541

Biogas from fecal sludge and kitchen waste at prisons - Case Study

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeBook Chapter

Languageen

Authors

Rao, Krishna C.
Doshi, K.

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Citation

Rao, Krishna C.; Doshi, K. 2018. Biogas from fecal sludge and kitchen waste at prisons - Case Study. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.93-102.

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Rural-Urban Linkages

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/93333