Water, Land and Ecosystems - Tanzania

What happens after technology adoption? Gendered aspects of small-scale irrigation technologies in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Tanzania

Anonymous — Wed, 24 Aug 2022 12:13:04 +0000

TypePresentation

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Authors

Theis, Sophie

Presented by Sophie Theis (IFPRI), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research, Amsterdam, 5-6 December 2017.

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Theis, Sophie. 2017. What happens after technology adoption? Gendered aspects of small-scale irrigation technologies in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Tanzania. Presented by Sophie Theis (IFPRI), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research, Amsterdam, 5-6 December 2017. Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/120708

How agricultural research for development achieves developmental outcomes: learning lessons to inform One CGIAR science and technology policy research

Anonymous — Tue, 22 Feb 2022 12:49:09 +0000

TypeReport

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Authors

Douthwaite, B.
Child, K.

At the end of 2021, CGIAR Research Programs (CRPs) will be replaced by Initiatives housed within One CGIAR. This new modality is intended to achieve higher levels of impact at a faster rate and at reduced cost compared to the CRPs. As One CGIAR begins, there is a unique opportunity to reflect on what has worked in different contexts. In this paper, we provide findings that relate to One CGIAR’s overarching view of how it will achieve positive and measurable impacts, and for agricultural research for development (AR4D) more generally. Specifically, we draw from three related CRP evaluations to identify how different types of AR4D approaches have contributed to successful outcomes. In the final section of the paper, we present our conclusions and provide a list of recommendations for the science and technology policy of One CGIAR and possibly other integrated research for development programs.

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Douthwaite, B.; Child, K. 2021. How agricultural research for development achieves developmental outcomes: learning lessons to inform One CGIAR science and technology policy research. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 27p. (WLE Legacy Series 2) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2022.201]

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/118147

Scaling up Index-based Flood Insurance (IBFI) for agricultural resilience and flood-proofing livelihoods in developing countries

Anonymous — Thu, 21 Oct 2021 11:36:32 +0000

TypeReport

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Authors

Amarnath, Giriraj
Malik, Ravinder Paul Singh
Taron, Avinandan

This research report presents the first comprehensive framework of business models in terms of developing, marketing and scaling Index-based flood insurance (IBFI). The report evaluated ten case studies on agricultural insurance schemes (macro, meso and micro levels), globally, to develop public-private partnership business models for creating value (product development) and capturing value (product marketing). This report highlights four broad groups of interrelated factors that influence the uptake and scaling of agricultural insurance: (i) behavioral factors that influence farmers’ enthusiasm to invest in insurance; (ii) financial factors that stipulate governments’ willingness to provide financial support; (iii) legal and regulatory factors, which set ground rules for fair business and govern their adherence by stakeholders; and (iv) facilitating factors, including product design and development, business models, research and development, data availability, and awareness creation, which help ensure an efficient supply of insurance services. In summary, the report highlights the need for designing innovative IBFI and its potential benefits for uptake, and efforts for implementing IBFI as a potential risk transfer tool for comprehensive climate risk management among small-scale and marginal farmers.

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Amarnath, Giriraj; Malik, Ravinder Paul Singh; Taron, Avinandan. 2021. Scaling up Index-based Flood Insurance (IBFI) for agricultural resilience and flood-proofing livelihoods in developing countries. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 68p. (IWMI Research Report 180) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2021.213]

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/114748

Forests, farms, and fallows: The dynamics of tree cover transition in the southern part of the uluguru mountains, Tanzania

Anonymous — Tue, 24 Aug 2021 11:58:06 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Subjects

Land Management
Soil

Languageen

Authors

Mpanda, M.
Kashindye, A.
Aynekulu, E.
Jonas, E.
Rosenstock, Todd S.
Giliba, R. A.

Forests and woodlands remain under threat in tropical Africa due to excessive exploitation and inadequate management interventions, and the isolated success stories of tree retention and tree cover transition on African agricultural land are less well documented. In this study, we characterize the status of tree cover in a landscape that contains forest patches, fallows, and farms in the southern part of Uluguru Mountains. We aimed to unveil the practices of traditional tree fallow system which is socially acceptable in local settings and how it provides a buffering effects to minimize forest disturbances and thus represents an important step towards tree cover transition. We assessed land cover dynamics for the period of 1995 to 2020 and compared tree stocking for forest patches, fallows, and farms. We found that tree biomass carbon stocks were 56 ± 5 t/ha in forest patches, 33 ± 7 t/ha in fallows, and 9 ± 2 t/ha on farms. In terms of land cover, farms shrank at intensifying rates over time for the entire assessment period of 1995–2020. Forest cover decreased from 1995–2014, with the reduction rate slowing from 2007–2014 and the trend reversing from 2014–2020, such that forest cover showed a net increase across the entire study period. Fallow consistently and progressively increased from 1995–2020. We conclude that traditional tree fallows in the study site remain a significant element of land management practice among communities, and there appears to be a trend towards intensified tree-based farming. The gains in fallowed land represent an embracing of a traditional land management system that supports rotational and alternate uses of cropping space as well as providing a buffering effect to limit over-exploitation of forests. In order to maximize tree cover and carbon stocks in the farm landscape, this well-known traditional tree fallow system can be further optimized through the incorporation of additional innovations.

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Mpanda, M.; Kashindye, A.; Aynekulu, E.; Jonas, E.; Rosenstock, T. S.; Giliba, R. A. 2021. Forests, farms, and fallows: The dynamics of tree cover transition in the southern part of the uluguru mountains, Tanzania.Land. 10(6):571. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10060571

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/114733

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Bringing evidence to bear for negotiating tradeoffs in sustainable agricultural intensification using a structured stakeholder engagement process

Anonymous — Mon, 23 Aug 2021 11:48:05 +0000

Regions

Southern Africa

TypeJournal Article

Subjects

Agricultural production
Climate change
Decision analysis and information
Decision making
Food systems
Governance
Land Management
Smallholders
Socio-economics

Languageen

Authors

Winowiecki, Leigh A.
Bourne, M.
Magaju, C.
Neely, C.
Massawe, Boniface H.J.
Masikati, P.
Vagen, T.
Musili, F.
Nabi, M.
Nguyo, A.
Seid, H.
Hadgu, K.
Shoo, A.
Tembo, H.
Chipatela, F.
Chesterman, Sabrina
Hughes, K.
Temu, E.
Kimaro, Anthony A.
Sinclair, Fergus L.

Sustainable agricultural intensification (SAI) has the potential to increase food security without detrimental effects on ecosystem services. However, adoption of SAI practices across sub-Saharan Africa has not reached transformational numbers to date. It is often hampered by lack of context-specific practices, sub-optimal understanding of tradeoffs and synergies among stakeholders, and lack of approaches that bring diverse evidence sources together with stakeholders to collectively tackle complex problems. In this study, we asked three interconnected questions: (i) What is the accessibility and use of evidence for SAI decision making; (ii) What tools could enhance access and interaction with evidence for tradeoff analysis; and (iii) Which stakeholders must be included? This study employed a range of research and engagement methods including surveys, stakeholder analysis, participatory trade-off assessments and co-design of decision dashboards to better support evidence-based decision making in Zambia, Tanzania and Ethiopia. At the inception, SAI evidence was accessible and used by less than half of the decision makers across the three countries and online dashboards hold promise to enhance access. Many of the stakeholders working on SAI were not collaborating and tradeoff analysis was an under-utilized tool. Structured engagement across multiple stakeholder groups with evidence is critical.

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Winowiecki, L. A.; Bourne, M.; Magaju, C.; Neely, C.; Massawe, B.; Masikati, P.; Vagen, T.; Musili, F.; Nabi, M.; Nguyo, A.; Seid, H.; Hadgu, K.; Shoo, A.; Tembo, H.; Chipatela, F.; Chesterman, S.; Hughes, K.; Temu, E.; Kimaro, A. A.; Sinclair, F. 2021. Bringing evidence to bear for negotiating tradeoffs in sustainable agricultural intensification using a structured stakeholder engagement process. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. 24p. DOI: 10.1080/14735903.2021.1897297

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/114720

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Potential for soil organic carbon sequestration in grasslands in East African countries: A review

Anonymous — Sat, 10 Jul 2021 11:37:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

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Authors

Tessema, Bezaye
Sommer, Rolf
Piikki, Kristin
Söderström, Mats
Namirembe, Sara
Notenbaert, An Maria Omer
Tamene, Lulseged D.
Nyawira, Sylvia
Paul, Birthe K.

Grasslands occupy almost half of the world's land area. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a key indicator of soil fertility and grassland productivity. Increasing SOC stocks (so‐called SOC sequestration) improves soil fertility and contributes to climate change mitigation by binding atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Grasslands constitute about 70% of all agricultural land, but their potential for SOC sequestration is largely unknown. This review paper quantitatively summarizes observation‐based studies on the SOC sequestration potential of grasslands in six East African countries (Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda) and seeks to identify knowledge gaps related to SOC sequestration potential in the region. In the studies reviewed, SOC stocks in grasslands range from 3 to 93 Mg C/ha in the upper 0.3 m of the soil profile, while SOC sequestration rate ranges from 0.1 to 3.1 Mg C ha‐1 year‐1 under different management strategies. Grazing management is reported to have a considerable impact on SOC sequestration rates, and grassland regeneration and protection are recommended as options to stimulate SOC sequestration. However, a very limited number of relevant studies are available (n = 23) and there is a need for fundamental information on SOC sequestration potential in the region. The effectiveness of potential incentive mechanisms, such as payments for environmental services, to foster uptake of SOC‐enhancing practices should also be assessed.

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Tessema, B.; Sommer, R.; Piikki, K.; Söderström, M.; Namirembe, S.; Notenbaert, A.M.; Tamene, L.; Nyawira, S.; Paul, B. (2020) Potential for soil organic carbon sequestration in grasslands in East African countries: A review. Grassland Science 10 p. ISSN: 1744-697X

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Restoring Degraded Landscapes

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/107070

Unlocking maize crop productivity through improved management practices in Northern Tanzania

Anonymous — Sat, 10 Jul 2021 11:37:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Kihara, Job
Kizito, Fred
Jumbo, M.
Kinyua, M.
Bekunda, Mateete A.

Addressing the problem of low crop productivity and food insecurity can be accelerated through community-centered implementation of good agricultural management practices. This study was conducted in Babati, Northern Tanzania. The objective of the study was to determine nitrogen (N)and phosphorus (P)application requirements for maize,and demonstrate economically viable best bet yield-improving management technologiesunder three ecozones namely; ‘low elevation low rainfall’, ‘medium elevation high rainfall’ and ‘medium elevation low rainfall’ ecozone. Two sets of trials were conducted: N (0, 45, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1) and P (0, 15, 30, 40 kg ha-1) response trials in 16 representative fields in three seasons of 2013/14, 2014/205 and 2015/16 and; demonstrations trials in 8 farmer-selected fields in 2015/16 season. Combined N and P application increased maize yields by 32 to 62% over single nutrient applications.In the medium elevation low rainfall ecozone, 60-86%yield response to nitrogenwas observed.Largely, modest applications of 50 kg N ha-1and 20 kg P ha-1resultedin profitable (marginal rate of return (MRR) of 2.4 to 3.0) yield increases of upto 214% over the farmers practice (unfertilized), varying with variety and ecozone. The source of P (DAP or Minjingu Mazao) had little influence on maize productivity except under low altitude low rainfall where Minjingu Mazao is unprofitable. Farmer rankings and agronomic indices showed new maize hybrids namely Meru H513, Meru H515, and SC627 as a priority across the ecozones; Mams H913 is suitable mainly in medium elevation low rainfall ecozone. The conclusion is that the use of new maize hybrids and appropriate rates of locally available N and P nutrient sources can bridge existing yield gaps and reduce food insecurity. Technologies from community-driven research in development are easily adopted by a large number of farmers and could result in quick, yet lasting productivity gains.

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Kihara J.; Kizito F.; Jumbo M.; Kinyua M.; Bekunda, M. (2020) Unlocking maize crop productivity through improved management practices in Northern Tanzania. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition & Development 20(7) p. 17095-17112. ISSN: 1684-5374

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Restoring Degraded Landscapes

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/111136

Are smallholder farmers credit constrained? evidence on demand and supply constraints of credit in Ethiopia and Tanzania

Anonymous — Sat, 10 Jul 2021 11:37:41 +0000

TypeWorking Paper

Languageen

Authors

Balana, B.
Mekonnen, D.
Haile, B.
Hagos, Fitsum
Yimam, S.
Ringler, Claudia

Credit constraint is considered by many as one of the key barriers to adoption of modern agricultural technologies, such as chemical fertilizer, improved seeds, and irrigation technologies, among smallholders. Past research and much policy discourse associates agricultural credit constraints with supply-side factors, such as limited access to credit sources or high costs of borrowing. However, demand-side factors, such as risk-aversion and financial illiteracy among borrowers, as well as high transaction costs, can also play important roles in credit-rationing for smallholders. Using primary survey data from Ethiopia and Tanzania, this study examines the nature of credit constraints facing smallholders and the factors that affect credit constraints. In addition, we assess whether credit constraints are gender-differentiated. Results show that demand-side credit constraints are at least as important as supply-side factors in both countries. Women are more likely to be credit constrained (from both the supply and demand sides) than men. Based on these findings, we suggest that policies should focus on addressing both supply- and demand-side credit constraints, including through targeted interventions to reduce risk, such as crop insurance and gender-sensitive policies to improve women’s access to credit.

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Balana, B.; Mekonnen, D.; Haile, B.; Hagos, Fitsum; Yimam, S.; Ringler, C. 2020. Are smallholder farmers credit constrained? evidence on demand and supply constraints of credit in Ethiopia and Tanzania. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 28p. (IFPRI Discussion Paper 01974) [doi: https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134152]

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/110680

Scaling land and water technologies in Tanzania: Opportunities, challenges and policy implications

Anonymous — Sat, 10 Jul 2021 11:37:41 +0000

TypeReport

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Authors

Mwongera, Caroline
Odhiambo Ageyo, Collins
Kimani, Peter

The scaling of land and water technologies has widely increased across different parts of the world; and is recognized as important for ecological systems. These technologies contribute to sustainable management of watersheds on which agriculture, food production and rural livelihoods for most developing communities depend upon. There are ongoing efforts designed to halt land degradation in the Western Usambara which have arisen from pressure on land resources mainly caused by demographic growth, deforestation and the abandoning of the traditional regenerative land use and farming systems. Socio-cultural and economic factors such as education level, age, gender, and land tenure, marital status and income earnings of smallholder farmers are factors considered important in the adoption of land and water management practices. Environmental factors were also identified as limiting factors to smallholder farmers in soil-water management practices. Such factors involved physical distance, slope, type of crops grown and farm sizes. Insecure land tenure especially among women limits their adoption of the technologies. Technological complexity of the technology (farmers prefer technology that are less complex and easier to use), preference for less labor intensive technology, required capital, land ownership (less adoption in new technology on hired/leased land), approach of introducing the technology (preference of participatory bottom up approach), and motivation and the involvement of farmers from conceptualization to implementation are factors that impact adoption of technologies between farmers. Unsustainable cultivation in catchments and destruction of water sources in Tanzania is limiting the flow of water on which some of water use technologies directly depend. In some areas where farmers and pastoralists co-exist, conflicts always arise from grazing on farmland, with destruction to water infrastructure. In recognition of the need for sustainable management of land and water, and the increasing conflicts over use of resources by different sectors, Tanzania has enacted several policies. The irrigation policy calls for the improvement of irrigation water use efficiency and effectiveness by promoting closed conduit systems and high efficiency methods such as drip irrigation and promotion of efficient water utilization technologies such as the System of Rice Intensification. There is need for harmonization and linkage of land and water management and the policies to avoid conflicts. Whereas for example the customary land law recognizes the right to land entailing some resources therewith, the water law does not recognize such customary right by granting the ownership right to water by the owner of land on which the water resource is found. There is need for adequate mechanisms for enforcing policies, regulations and by-laws. Local water governance institutions such as water user associations are important for sustainable scaling of land and water technologies. Horizontal and vertical scaling of the land and water technologies depends on factors such as facilitation of registration of water user associations and empowering them; implementing projects based on actual ground conditions for ease of adoption by communities; and involvement of the local government. Strengthening linkages between relevant institutions and their respective roles and responsibilities also require to be clearly defined. Promotion of land and water technologies should not be gender-blind but rather ensure participation of women and youth in the training and implementation. An integrated systems approach is needed to address the multi-faceted challenges in sustainable land and water management, and a focus on the entire value chain activities; from input supply to output market.

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Mwongera, C.; Odhiambo Ageyo, C.; Kimani, P. (2020) Scaling land and water technologies in Tanzania: Opportunities, challenges and policy implications. Nairobi (Kenya): Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, 19 p.

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/107773

A user guide to the Innovation Lab for Small Scale Irrigation (ILSSI) baseline survey data: Ethiopia and Tanzania

Anonymous — Thu, 07 Jan 2021 12:32:22 +0000

TypeOther

Subjects

Agricultural production
Food Security
Innovation
Irrigation

Languageen

Authors

Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework
Bryan, Elisabeth
Choufani, Jowel
Davies, Emma
Ringler, Claudia
Passarelli, Simone

The baseline survey data were collected in Ethiopia (November 2014 – December 2014), Tanzania (June 2015 – July 2015), and Ghana (November 2015 – February 2016) as part of the five-year Feed the Future Innovation Laboratory for Small-Scale Irrigation (ILSSI) project. The ILSSI project aims to benefit farmers of Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Ghana by improving effective use of scarce water supplies through interventions aimed at the scaling of small-scale irrigation for prosperity, nutrition and women’s empowerment. Due to differences in sampling methodology and survey timing, the Ghana survey data are not further described in the following. The ILSSI project is led by the Norman Borlaug Institute for International Agriculture at Texas A&M University, which also models the potential for upscaling of small-scale irrigation and environmental impacts and builds capacity using the Integrated Decision Support System (IDSS). The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) led the baseline and endline data collection as well as analysis of the gender, nutritional and health impacts of small-scale irrigation technologies, and the potential for upscaling of small-scale irrigation technologies to the national level in Ethiopia, Ghana and Tanzania. The International Water Management Institute (IWMI), the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), and North Carolina A&T State University field tested promising small-scale irrigation technologies in selected sites in each country and identified promising business models, small-scale irrigation technologies and opportunities to remove constraints to scaling. Local collaborators included in the data collection included the Association of Ethiopian Microfinance Institutions (Ethiopia), Sokoine University of Agriculture (Tanzania), and University of Development Studies (Ghana). The ILSSI baseline survey collected detailed household, individual, and plot-crop level data including the following modules: household roster; description of agricultural land (size, distance from home, soil type, registration, etc.); soil conservation; crop production, agricultural inputs, irrigation water sources, technologies and practices, and sales of agricultural products; labor (family, hired, and exchanged); livestock ownership, feed, and products; household income and expenditures; participation in social protection and development programs; shocks (agricultural and non-agricultural); dietary diversity and anthropometry; health; food security; and water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH).

Citation

Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Bryan, Elizabeth; Choufani, Jowel; Davies, Emma; Ringler, Claudia; Passarelli, Simone. 2019. A user guide to the Innovation Lab for Small Scale Irrigation (ILSSI) baseline survey data: Ethiopia and Tanzania. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/110735

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