Water, Land and Ecosystems - Zambia

Scaling up Index-based Flood Insurance (IBFI) for agricultural resilience and flood-proofing livelihoods in developing countries

Anonymous — Thu, 21 Oct 2021 11:36:32 +0000

TypeReport

Languageen

Authors

Amarnath, Giriraj
Malik, Ravinder Paul Singh
Taron, Avinandan

This research report presents the first comprehensive framework of business models in terms of developing, marketing and scaling Index-based flood insurance (IBFI). The report evaluated ten case studies on agricultural insurance schemes (macro, meso and micro levels), globally, to develop public-private partnership business models for creating value (product development) and capturing value (product marketing). This report highlights four broad groups of interrelated factors that influence the uptake and scaling of agricultural insurance: (i) behavioral factors that influence farmers’ enthusiasm to invest in insurance; (ii) financial factors that stipulate governments’ willingness to provide financial support; (iii) legal and regulatory factors, which set ground rules for fair business and govern their adherence by stakeholders; and (iv) facilitating factors, including product design and development, business models, research and development, data availability, and awareness creation, which help ensure an efficient supply of insurance services. In summary, the report highlights the need for designing innovative IBFI and its potential benefits for uptake, and efforts for implementing IBFI as a potential risk transfer tool for comprehensive climate risk management among small-scale and marginal farmers.

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Amarnath, Giriraj; Malik, Ravinder Paul Singh; Taron, Avinandan. 2021. Scaling up Index-based Flood Insurance (IBFI) for agricultural resilience and flood-proofing livelihoods in developing countries. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 68p. (IWMI Research Report 180) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2021.213]

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/114748

Bringing evidence to bear for negotiating tradeoffs in sustainable agricultural intensification using a structured stakeholder engagement process

Anonymous — Mon, 23 Aug 2021 11:48:05 +0000

Regions

Southern Africa

TypeJournal Article

Subjects

Agricultural production
Climate change
Decision analysis and information
Decision making
Food systems
Governance
Land Management
Smallholders
Socio-economics

Languageen

Authors

Winowiecki, Leigh A.
Bourne, M.
Magaju, C.
Neely, C.
Massawe, Boniface H.J.
Masikati, P.
Vagen, T.
Musili, F.
Nabi, M.
Nguyo, A.
Seid, H.
Hadgu, K.
Shoo, A.
Tembo, H.
Chipatela, F.
Chesterman, Sabrina
Hughes, K.
Temu, E.
Kimaro, Anthony A.
Sinclair, Fergus L.

Sustainable agricultural intensification (SAI) has the potential to increase food security without detrimental effects on ecosystem services. However, adoption of SAI practices across sub-Saharan Africa has not reached transformational numbers to date. It is often hampered by lack of context-specific practices, sub-optimal understanding of tradeoffs and synergies among stakeholders, and lack of approaches that bring diverse evidence sources together with stakeholders to collectively tackle complex problems. In this study, we asked three interconnected questions: (i) What is the accessibility and use of evidence for SAI decision making; (ii) What tools could enhance access and interaction with evidence for tradeoff analysis; and (iii) Which stakeholders must be included? This study employed a range of research and engagement methods including surveys, stakeholder analysis, participatory trade-off assessments and co-design of decision dashboards to better support evidence-based decision making in Zambia, Tanzania and Ethiopia. At the inception, SAI evidence was accessible and used by less than half of the decision makers across the three countries and online dashboards hold promise to enhance access. Many of the stakeholders working on SAI were not collaborating and tradeoff analysis was an under-utilized tool. Structured engagement across multiple stakeholder groups with evidence is critical.

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Winowiecki, L. A.; Bourne, M.; Magaju, C.; Neely, C.; Massawe, B.; Masikati, P.; Vagen, T.; Musili, F.; Nabi, M.; Nguyo, A.; Seid, H.; Hadgu, K.; Shoo, A.; Tembo, H.; Chipatela, F.; Chesterman, S.; Hughes, K.; Temu, E.; Kimaro, A. A.; Sinclair, F. 2021. Bringing evidence to bear for negotiating tradeoffs in sustainable agricultural intensification using a structured stakeholder engagement process. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. 24p. DOI: 10.1080/14735903.2021.1897297

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/114720

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Agriculture extensification and associated socio-ecological trade-offs in smallholder farming systems of Zambia

Anonymous — Mon, 23 Aug 2021 11:48:05 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Masikati, P.
Sisito, G.
Chipatela, F.
Tembo, H.
Winowiecki, Leigh A.

One of the main drivers of deforestation in Zambia is the expansion of agricultural land for increasing production areas and for shift cultivation due to poor crop management practices. Land expansion was also echoed by farmers in Northwestern province as they aim to increase yield via land expansion. It was therefore important to understand possible associated socio-ecological trade-offs in agricultural extensification and identify pathways to improve ecosystem services delivery and reduce trade-offs. We used the Tradeoff Analysis model for Multi-Dimensional (TOA-MD) and Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) to assess trade-offs in both current and future farming systems under extensification (CP) and sustainable agriculture intensification (SAI). Thirty-year simulations showed that agricultural extensification will lead to loss of soil organic carbon) and total soil nitrogen of about 23% and 22%, respectively leading to yield reductions of about 35% and increased poverty levels. However, SAI approach results showed that poverty can be reduced by about 20% for farmers with land holdings of 3 ha while those with 2 and 5 ha can be reduced by 10% and 5% respectively. The proposed SAI has potential to reduce poverty, maintain good current and future crop production, and potentially aid farmers to reduce opening new fields.

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Masikati, P., Sisito, G., Chipatela, F., Tembo, H. and Winowiecki, L.A., 2021. Agriculture extensification and associated socio-ecological trade-offs in smallholder farming systems of Zambia. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2021.1907108

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Open Access

Research Themes

Restoring Degraded Landscapes

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/114452

A gendered ecosystem services approach to identify novel and locally-relevant strategies for jointly improving food security, nutrition, and conservation in the Barotse Floodplain

Anonymous — Sat, 10 Jul 2021 11:37:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Estrada Carmona, Natalia
Attwood, Simon
Cole, Steven M.
Remans, Roseline
DeClerck, Fabrice A.J.

Multiple lines of evidence call for the use of locally-relevant strategies to guide and support sustainable agricultural intensification while improving development and conservation outcomes. The goal of this study was to identify the ecosystem services from natural and agricultural systems to achieve this aim in the Barotse Floodplain of Zambia. Our methodology utilized a gender-sensitive ecosystem services approach, whereby local knowledge from women and men was harnessed to understand which services and their sources are important. In addition, we identified the various constraints and options people encounter for developing sustainable and nutritious agriculture while achieving conservation outcomes. The results of our study indicate that the floodplain provides a broad range of ecosystem services, which are important for securing local livelihoods and wellbeing. The forests in the uplands and the grasslands in the plains are the primary sources of the 17 provisioning and regulating ecosystem services assessed. Nonetheless, both are often converted to agriculture due to their high soil fertility. We identified opportunities and challenges for sustainable agricultural intensification and development in areas with lower conservation concerns. We discussed the constraints and limitations for promoting sustainable and inclusive agriculture in those areas.

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Estrada Carmona, N.; Attwood, S.; Cole, S.M.; Remans, R.; DeClerck, F. (2020) A gendered ecosystem services approach to identify novel and locally-relevant strategies for jointly improving food security, nutrition, and conservation in the Barotse Floodplain. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 25 p. ISSN: 1473-5903

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Open Access

Research Themes

Enhancing Sustainability Across Agricultural Systems

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/108775

Groundwater availability and use in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review of 15 countries

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

Regions

Southern Africa

TypeBook

Languageen

Authors

Pavelic, Paul
Giordano, Mark
Keraita, Bernard N.
Ramesh, Vidya
Rao, Tamma

Traditionally, the spread and extent of human settlement beyond the major riparian zones of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and across many other arid regions of the world, has been determined by availability of groundwater supplies, accessed through hand-dug wells andsprings. In more recent times, groundwater is the preferred means of supplying water to meet the growing demand of the rural, dispersed communities and the small urban towns across SSA. It is estimated that about 100 million of the rural population throughout SSA areserviced by groundwater for domestic supplies and livestock rearing (Adelana and MacDonald, 2008), with most of the villages and small towns having access to groundwater supplies (Masiyandima and Giordano, 2007).

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Citation

Pavelic P, Giordano M, Keraita B, Ramesh V, Rao T, eds. 2012. Groundwater availability and use in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review of 15 countries. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI).

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Open Access

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/33844

Integrating local knowledge and remote sensing for eco-type classification map in the Barotse Floodplain, Zambia

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

Regions

Southern Africa

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Rio, T. del
Groot, Jeroen C.J.
DeClerck, Fabrice A.J.
Estrada Carmona, Natalia

This eco-type map presents land units with distinct vegetation and exposure to floods (or droughts) in three villages in the Barotseland, Zambia. The knowledge and eco-types descriptions were collected from participatory mapping and focus group discussions with 77 participants from Mapungu, Lealui, and Nalitoya. We used two Landsat 8 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (TM) images taken in March 24th and July 14th, 2014 (path 175, row 71) to calculate water level and vegetation type which are the two main criteria used by Lozi People for differentiating eco-types. We calculated water levels by using the Water Index (WI) and vegetation type by using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). We also calculated the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) index. We excluded burned areas in 2014 and built areas to reduce classification error. Control points include field data from 99 farmers’ fields, 91 plots of 100 m2 and 65 waypoints randomly selected in a 6 km radius around each village. We also used Google Earth Pro to create control points in areas flooded year-round (e.g., deep waters and large canals), patches of forest and built areas. The eco-type map has a classification accuracy of 81% and a pixel resolution of 30 m. The eco-type map provides a useful resource for agriculture and conservation planning at the landscape level in the Barotse Floodplain.

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Del Rio, T.; Groot, J.C.J.; DeClerck, F.; Estrada Carmona, N. (2018) Integrating local knowledge and remote sensing for eco-type classification map in the Barotse Floodplain, Zambia. Data in Brief 19 p. 2297-2304. ISSN: 2352-3409

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Open Access

Research Themes

Restoring Degraded Landscapes

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/99382

Guidelines and regulations for fecal sludge management from on-site sanitation facilities

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeReport

Languageen

Authors

Jayathilake, Nilanthi
Drechsel, Pay
Keraita, B.
Fernando, Sudarshana
Hanjra, Munir A.

In low- and middle-income countries, the management of fecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems has received little attention over many decades, resulting in insufficient or missing regulations to guide investments and management options. To address this gap, this report examines existing and emerging guidelines and regulations for fecal sludge management (FSM) along the sanitation service chain (user interface, containment, emptying, transport, treatment, valorization, reuse or disposal). It also draws empirical examples from guidelines across the globe to support policy-makers, planners, and sanitation and health officers, as well as consultants in low- and middle-income countries in the development and design of local and national FSM guidelines and regulations.

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Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B.; Fernando, Sudarshana; Hanjra, M. A. 2019. Guidelines and regulations for fecal sludge management from on-site sanitation facilities. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE).. 57p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 14) doi: 10.5337/2019.211

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/103534

Gender aspects of smallholder private groundwater irrigation in Ghana and Zambia

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Koppen, Barbara C.M. van
Hope, Lesley
Colenbrander, W.

This paper explores gender aspects of smallholders' private technology adoption for groundwater irrigation in Ghana and Zambia. It focuses on two variables of quantitative farm-household surveys: household headship and gendered plot management. The paper compares adoption rates and types of technologies for female- and male-headed households; examines adoption rates when women have their own plots; and compares women's decision making on irrigated plots and rainfed plots. The findings suggest that there are largely untapped synergies between gender-equality and irrigation-policy goals. Systematic gender differentiation in surveys is recommended.

Citation

van Koppen, Barbara; Hope, Lesley; Colenbrander, W. 2013. Gender aspects of smallholder private groundwater irrigation in Ghana and Zambia. Water International, 38(6):840-851. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2013.843844

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Limited Access

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/40321

Improving the supply chain of motor pumps to accelerate mechanized small-scale private irrigation in Zambia

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

Regions

Southern Africa

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Colenbrander, W.
Koppen, Barbara C.M. van

During the past decade, smallholder groundwater irrigation with motor pumps has increased considerably in Zambia. This study analyzes an important but hitherto ignored factor for adoption: the supply chain of imported motor pumps. The main obstacles for farmers are identified as: the highly centralized supply chain and financing facilities in urban hubs; lack of information about prices, which vary significantly for the same make and model of pump; lack of information and training on proper use and maintenance; and lack of financing facilities. The Zambia National Farmers Union seems best placed to remove these obstacles.

Citation

Colenbrander, W.; van Koppen, Barbara. 2013. Improving the supply chain of motor pumps to accelerate mechanized small-scale private irrigation in Zambia. Water International, 38(4):493-503. (Special issue on "Sustainable groundwater development for improved livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa, Part 1" with contributions by IWMI authors). doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2013.819602

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Limited Access

Research Themes

Land and Water Solutions for Sustainable Agriculture

Permalink

https://hdl.handle.net/10568/40265

Climate change risk and vulnerability mapping and profiling at local level using the Household Economy Approach (HEA)

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

Regions

Southern Africa

TypeJournal Article

Subjects

Droughts
Floods
Agricultural production
Agricultural water management
Poverty/food security/livelihoods
Modelling and spatial analysis
Decision support systems
Climate change

Languageen

Authors

Nhamo, L.
Chilonda, Pius

The increasing frequency of extreme climate events such as droughts and floods, as well as increasing temperatures and declining rainfall, are the expected future weather patterns of climate change hot spots such as Sub-Saharan Africa. Climate change and variability hot spot areas will be most vulnerable to diminishing crop production and water resources as most people in these areas depend on rainfed agriculture for their livelihoods.While much of climate change studies have been done at global scale, the impacts of climate change and variability will be felt locally at community level. In most cases adaptation occurs at local level in ways that are usually unnoticed and unaided by national governments or international organisations. This study down-scales the vulnerability of and adaptive capacity to climate change and variability to local level applying the Household Economy Approach. The focus is on local dimensions of climate change impact on water and agriculture in Western Zambia. A climate change vulnerability zone map is delineated using GIS, and a detailed profile of the zones is presented. The focus is on how communities cope with comparable climate change risks that occur today, like droughts, floods and pests, and then gauge their capacity to mitigate future CC shocks. Some adaptive measures that can be adopted to mitigate climate change impacts are recommended. The results equip policy makers with information on the impacts of climate change at local level, and capacitate them with a tool to make informed intervention.

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Nhamo, Luxon; Chilonda, Pius. 2012. Climate change risk and vulnerability mapping and profiling at local level using the Household Economy Approach (HEA) Earth Science and Climatic Change, 3(3):7p.

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Open Access

Research Themes

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/34587

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