This month of October 2016 I spent some weeks in South-Central Vietnam (Dalat region) where I found that pine plantations (not teak) on mountainous (heavy) yellow-red clay suffered from important loss of soil which makes rivers and lakes turn brown under the intense torrents of rain in the SE Monsoon season.
This goes to say that multiple story plantations would present a solution if all requirements are satisfied. Spacing is important because there has to be an optimization of light intensity and soil cover. Organic matter content and soil structure should be taken into account to make sure that water penetrates deep enough to prevent run-off. And of course, but depending on species possibility of allelopathy could be a problem, not only in pine stands but also in some broad leave species.
So much work to be done before even considerating planting trees or applying "agroforestry systems" at each location or/and planting site with its particular characteristics.
This month of October 2016 I spent some weeks in South-Central Vietnam (Dalat region) where I found that pine plantations (not teak) on mountainous (heavy) yellow-red clay suffered from important loss of soil which makes rivers and lakes turn brown under the intense torrents of rain in the SE Monsoon season.
This goes to say that multiple story plantations would present a solution if all requirements are satisfied. Spacing is important because there has to be an optimization of light intensity and soil cover. Organic matter content and soil structure should be taken into account to make sure that water penetrates deep enough to prevent run-off. And of course, but depending on species possibility of allelopathy could be a problem, not only in pine stands but also in some broad leave species.
So much work to be done before even considerating planting trees or applying "agroforestry systems" at each location or/and planting site with its particular characteristics.